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Cytology** (also called cellular pathology) is the microscopic examination of cells obtained from various body sites or fluids. It plays a crucial role in the early detection of cancer, identifying infectious agents, and evaluating inflammatory conditions.
Cytological samples can be obtained from:
Body fluids: pleural, pericardial, ascitic, synovial, and cerebrospinal fluid
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC): of lumps, lymph nodes, thyroid, breast, etc.
Pap smear: for cervical cancer screening
Brushings and washings: from bronchi, bladder, or gastrointestinal tract